上半年高等教育自学考试开考 青海报考12059科次
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[??????????]- ↑ Steppe Nomads and Central Asia? 29 May 2008 ???? ????????? ????????????????? 6 December 2014 ???? ????????????
- ↑ Silkroad Foundation, Adela C.Y. Lee? Travelers on the Silk Road? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????
- ↑ Shepherd, William (1923)? Historical Atlas? New York: Henry Holt and Company?
- ↑ Polo? Marco; Smethurst? Paul (2005)? The Travels of Marco Polo? p. 676? ISBN 978-0-7607-6589-0?
- ↑ Ferrand, Gabriel (1913), "Ibn Batūtā", Relations de voyages et textes géographiques arabes, persans et turks relatifs à l'Extrème-Orient du 8e au 18e siècles (Volumes 1 and 2) (in French), Paris: Ernest Laroux, pp. 426–458
- ↑ Andrea, Bernadette. “Ibn Fadlan’s Journey to Russia: A Tenth‐Century Traveler from Baghdad to the Volga River by Richard N. Frye: Review by Bernadette Andrea”. Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol. 41, No. 2, 201-202. Middle East Studies Association of North America (MESA).
- ↑ The World Factbook? 26 December 2018 ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????
- ↑ The World Factbook? 27 November 2015 ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????
- ↑ The World Factbook? 31 March 2001 ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????
- ↑ The World Factbook? 12 June 2007 ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????
- ↑ The World Factbook? 9 July 2016 ???? ????????? ????????????????? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ????????????
- ↑ ??????????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????